Benefits of Internet Opportunities for SMEs in Mauritius

Advantages of Internet Opportunities for SMEs in Mauritius Affirmation Numerous people have assumed a significant job in our childhood and training To our folks, who merit unique acknowledgment. We might likewise want to stretch out an exceptional affirmation to our teacher, Mr. D Seethiah for allowing us the chance to think about and work such a task. Because of our gathering who have been buckling down for achievement of this task. At last, we stretch out our thankfulness to the Almighty for giving us great wellbeing and flourishing. Official outline SMEs are called upon to assume a serious job in the economy of Mauritius. Appropriation of ICT by SMEs can a have positive effect on the national economy. The reasons are: (an) Internet based frameworks are generally modest; (b) they give an ever meeting and rich condition for compelling business systems administration; and (c) they give SMEs access to a bigger market. This task looks at the degree web gives chances to business development of SMEs in Mauritius. It additionally distinguishes the empowering influences and boundaries to the utilization of web by SMEs. A survey was utilized to gather information among some SMEs. They were named follows: IT Novice, IT Savvy and web based business Specialist. The discoveries are accounted for, in light of the examination of the information gathered. A few key discoveries rise up out of the exploration in this task: IT Savvy and web based business Specialist use PCs, they have web association that they only use for email and they have a site as well. The level of dissemination of the web is high among IT Savvy and internet business Specialist. For SMEs to make the most of the open doors gave by the web to business development, they should gain information and abilities in utilizing the web and be made mindful of the offices being offered by the NCB and the current laws in the field of internet business. They will likewise need to depend on the vulgarization of the utilization of web among clients or if nothing else, for the present, plan/modify items that could help focus on a specific market fragment. Presentation Web has reformed and proceeds to profoundly affect in transit one works together. It is currently a significant instrument for leading business. It permits purchasers and venders to meet on the web, convey and trade data on merchandise and enterprises. In addition, it gets rid of the geological limits, the time regions and, now and again, the requirement for physical space to execute business. With its huge potential, it has gotten ordinary for organizations and customers to execute business by means of the Internet through email or web based buying. For the SMEs, it offers a vista of chances for business extension. In any case, numerous SMEs don't exploit the Internet believing that their merchandise and enterprises don't loan themselves to Internet exchanges. Also, they don't have the administrative information and abilities for e-business. Recruiting an IT-master or an e-business advisor to fill this hole requires generally enormous total of cash, which they can't bear. Here and there, the accessibility of broadband associations may influence the choices of SMEs to embrace web based business. Further, stable government strategies ought to be set up to make the important condition and impetuses to urge SMEs to exploit the Internet to make business openings. Numerous deceitful people are keen on the tremendous capability of the Internet for their own narrow minded thought processes. In nations where there are no suitable legitimate instruments, there might be a large group of potential assaults that bargain the secrecy, honesty and accessibility of data that they trade through the Internet. Subsequently, individuals may lose trust on the security of working together in the Internet and along these lines forego it tremendous potential for business. Writing Review SMEs in MAURITIUS As indicated by the pastor of Finance and Economic Development, Dr. R. K. Sithanen: A key segment in the legislatures plan for financial turn of events and democratization is the improvement of the little and medium endeavor part into a serious power (April 2006). Little and medium-sized ventures (SMEs) are broadly recognized as a significant division for national and global financial turn of events. Development situated private venture make a significant commitment to financial turn of events and business age inside neighborhood networks and national economies. (Smallbone and Wyer, 2000) SMEs contribute significantly to national economies (Poon and Swatman, 1999) and are assessed to represent 80 percent of worldwide financial development (Jutla et al, 2002). Its a well known fact that globalization (r)evolution and correspondence innovations (ICT) are going to change the structure of the any economy. (Kaushalesh Lal and Aveeraj Sharma Peedoly, 2006). With the administration of Mauritius advancing little and medium ventures as a serious segment of the economy, hierarchical and mechanical changes in these organizations are relied upon to have noteworthy effect on the national economy. Defenders of globalization contend that it will open a window of chances for SMEs while organizing capacities of ICTs recommend that SMEs can increase their seriousness in worldwide markets. Indeed a few examinations (Lal, 2004 and Drew, 2003) discovered positive effect of the reception of ICTs by SMEs. Despite the fact that there is next to no information relating to the development of SMEs across time, the causes of SMEs in Mauritius can be followed back to the 1960s when Mauritius was seeing the start of a tentative industrialization process with an import-replacement methodology with the fundamental target of providing the nearby market and giving certain self-governance to the nation. The internal looking modern arrangement of the Government of the day was of empowering the creation of such products as the assembling of sharp edges, electrical bulbs, batteries, cleanser, welding and steel work for development, refining eatable oils, plastic industry, food canning, mechanical poultry rearing, yogurt fabricating, bread rolls, shoes, matches and so forth for the local market; this was additionally the predominant universality of the time particularly for African creating economies. Numerous pundits (see e.g Maujean, 1996) contend that this program was hastily arranged with no help plans nor motivating forces proposed to the ventures. Despite the fact that, the import replacement procedure was before long eclipsed by a fare situated methodology with the setting up of Export-Processing Zones, some little scope ventures abused the items referenced above for the residential market. Indeed, most SMEs today provide food for the nearby market in comparable regions as referenced previously. As per Maujean (1996) the early undertakings were endeavors to duplicate locally models which existed abroad. In food preparing, firms like Purlait Ltd, La Boulangerie Industrielle and Lyons Maid which spearheaded private, little scope endeavors in the nation began with huge challenges regardless of being moderately present day with a significant capital venture and refined circulation organize. The worry with endurance in a to a great extent conventional and inadequately created society implied that the nearby market was not yet prepared for such items. In any case against this foundation a protectionist procedure which included high duty against serious merchandise helped these enterprises to work. As Wignaraja and Oneil (1999) contend, for the size of the nation and its phase of improvement, Mauritius has an especially wide scope of help administrations for the SME segment. Beyene (2002) makes a to a great extent comparable contention particularly when taking a gander at it by African measures. This wide cluster of help is given for the most part through Government and parastatal organizations or money related foundations. The Small Enterprises and workmanship Development Authority (SEHDA), Enterprise Mauritius (EM), the Development Bank of Mauritius Ltd (DBM), the Small Medium Enterprises Partnership Fund (SMEPF), the National Computer Board (NCB) are by and large viewed as the fundamental foundations which offer help to SMEs by working plans to upgrade the setting up or improvement of ventures. They act for the most part as facilitators, offering money related help, preparing and consultancy administrations, advertising and fare help. The Small Enterprises and Handicraft Development Authority (SEHDA) The Small Enterprises Handicraft Development Authority (SEHDA) was made after the merger of the Small Medium businesses Development Organization (SMIDO) and the National Handicraft Promotion Agency (NHPA). The point of the merger is to justify and streamline the utilization of assets devoted to the private venture area in Mauritius. SEHDA, falling under the aegis of the Ministry of Industry, SMEs, Commerce Co-agents, offers help to potential and existing little business people so as to empower them to begin new ventures or to improve their current organizations. Endeavor Mauritius (EM) Endeavor Mauritius works under the aegis of the Ministry of Industry, SMEs, Commerce Co-agents and we have one essential target, driving development in sends out both territorially and universally through fare areas at 3 levels: Aiding the improvement of Industry Sector procedures and Action plans The assistance of Strategic Clusters to meet normally shared gathering destinations What's more, at last, working with singular organizations to assist them with building up a coordinated market and ability advancement intend to give access to assets that meet their particular prerequisites Improvement Bank of Mauritius A significant piece of the Banks assets is equipped towards the turn of events, solidification and modernization of the SME area. A different office at the DBM is in reality committed to advance business enterprise improvement. Advances are given at serious rates to new businesses, financing of creation gear, techn

Admission Essay - a Quick Overview

<h1> Admission Essay - a Quick Overview</h1> <p>Moreover, on the off chance that you think composing long correspondence exposition would make an incredible impact on your educator at that point you're thoroughly off-base, it is just going to assist them with deducting your imprints. Utilize a fast account, a short you're composing. Our master scholars will offer such better work that you may have than be stressed over a thing with respect to your exposition. Our MBA article altering administration is provided by the perfect business specialists who've been a segment of the master domain for the last numerous decades. </p> <p>Building a top notch article won't ever be the perfect decision to take. Such points could be too broad to be in any way prosperous. All the formats are easy to download and print. 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Theory Paper about the Enactment Theory of Mentoring-Kablfleisch Essay

Hypothesis Paper about the Enactment Theory of Mentoring-Kablfleisch - Essay Example It depicts what the hypothesis is about, what studies state about it, how it has been utilized in correspondence, and how individuals could use it in their lives. Outline The Enactment Theory of Mentoring is a correspondence hypothesis that gives proposals on how guides and students in an association can utilize vital correspondence in building up a connection between themselves (Kalbfleisch, 2007). The hypothesis gives nine proposition that show how guides and students should behave when attempting to start, create, and keep up connections in an association. The primary proposition brought out in the hypothesis shows that tutors can decrease to become coaches to students during their first associations (Grill, 2011). The subsequent recommendation shows a higher chance of tutors turning down the solicitation made via learners of turning into their guides. As indicated by Kalbfleisch, guides demonstrate more eagerness to help students on a task than they consent to turn into their coa ches. Similarly, guides have a greater probability of permitting learners to help them in a venture contrasted with their tolerant to turn into the trainees’ coaches (Grill, 2011). The explanation for this, as indicated by the hypothesis is that there is no enough starting time for the coach and the learner to make a cozy relationship, and subsequently guides turn down any conventional solicitations for mentorship (Kalbfleisch, 2007). ... The theory’s third recommendation shows that guides show enthusiasm for preparing new learners when they have coached others previously (Kalbfleisch, 2007), as the fourth suggestion shows trainees’ enthusiasm of being tutored by any further developed individual paying little heed to the length of their relationship. The fifth proposition shows trainees’ probability of tolerating offers from further developed people in the association. These recommendations show that in the beginning times of correspondence connections, students are bound to acknowledge mentorship when drawn nearer by a further developed individual (Allen, 2007). This implies learners should utilize the majority of their time building correspondence relationship with their coaches. Different recommendations in the hypothesis show correspondence endeavors that guides and learners put to guarantee their relationship (Kalbfleisch, 2007). The 6th suggestion shows that a student shows greater commitmen t in keeping up a correspondence relationship instead of the guide all the more particularly when the achievement of the learner relies upon the coach. The hypothesis contends that for the situation where breaking a relationship with a guide makes misfortune learners, the students give a valiant effort to guarantee a kept up relationship with their coach. The seventh suggestion in this hypothesis concerns the issue of sexual orientation in coaching. It shows that female students in an association are bound to utilize correspondence methodologies outfitted towards starting, creating, and keeping up a relationship instead of male learners (Grill, 2011). The ninth, which is the last recommendation in the hypothesis, proposes that tutors are probably going to keep up correspondence procedures in a relationship that is likely

Selection of Sales Force Essay Example

Determination of Sales Force Essay The business power is exclusively liable for building the reality of an association. It is the main division that acquires incomes amp; henceforth should be given due significance in the hierarchical structure. Determination of the business power must be a cautious procedure that guarantees that top quality sales reps, who will show inspiration, a solid direction towards results amp; devotion to the organization. Choice is the way toward finding the capabilities amp; qualities of the activity candidate so as to build up their presumable appropriateness for the activity position. A decent determination requires a deliberate way to deal with the issue of finding the best coordinated individual for the activity. The enrollment procedure comprises of different stages. Arranging of Applicants: The accessible database of candidate resumes, which could be acquired through promotions, referrals, open applications should at first be screened for the fundamental occupation prerequisites. The standards for the activity prerequisites could be founded on the level of understanding, required specialized information, instructive capabilities and abilities that would be requested by the activity. This period of the screening would be one of fundamental example coordinating of the prerequisites of the activity with the accessible resume database. Meetings: The meetings could be led in stages as a fundamental amp; last meeting, specialized amp; HR meet or as a solitary meeting to check every single required expertise of the candidate. Different sorts of meetings are accessible to check different abilities of the candidate. The most well-known kinds of meeting techniques utilized are: * Behavioral Interviews * Situational Interviews * Patterned Interviews Behavioral Interviews: We will compose a custom paper test on Selection of Sales Force explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Selection of Sales Force explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Selection of Sales Force explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Inquiries pose to candidates for explicit models from their past encounters of explicit occupation related issues Commonly utilized inquiry design: â€Å"Tell me about when †¦. † Examples: For a business position: â€Å"Tell me about your most troublesome ongoing deal. What did you do? What was the deal? † If group administration is basic to the activity: â€Å"Tell me about when you were the pioneer of a group. What did you do? What was the deal? † If giving compelling execution input is basic to the activity: â€Å"Tell me about when you needed to chat with an individual about their lackluster showing. What did you do? What was the deal? † Each question has a scoring framework to rate the applicant’s answers on numerical rating scales Use rubrics: For each question, compose a case of what might be the: Best answer (e. g. , most fitting answer = 5 focuses) Good answer (e. g. , smart response = 3 focuses) Bad answer (e. g. , awful answer = 1 point) To improve legitimacy, utilize a board of questioners to assess each applicant’s talk with Validity: great to incredible; this is typically our best decision of meeting positions Situational Interviews 3 sorts of inquiries: Hypothetical: questions that depict a circumstance and ask what the candidate would do in that circumstance * Job-Knowledge: questions that request that candidates characterize work related terms, or clarify a method, or exhibit an aptitude * Job Requirements: questions that get some information about their ability to consent to work necessities (e. g. , travel, move work, and so on ) Each question h as a scoring framework to rate the applicant’s answers on numerical rating scales To improve legitimacy, utilize a board of questioners to assess each applicant’s talk with Validity: Good Designed Interview: Ask about instruction, work encounters, vocation objectives, and so on. Model inquiries: * Why did you pick your major? * What are your qualities and shortcomings? * What do you plan on doing a long time from now? * Validity: moderate Having a meeting â€Å"script† helps legitimacy. Each candidate gets the very same inquiries. In any case, the commonplace inquiries may not be such useful. What’s a smart response to â€Å"Why did you pick your major? † Psychological Selection Method A determination system measure the character qualities of candidates that are identified with future occupation execution. Character tests regularly measure at least one of five character measurements: * Extroversion * Emotional strength * Agreeableness * Conscientiousness * Openness to encounter Types of Psychological Tests * Aptitude tests : It alludes to possibility that an individual needs to benefit from specific sort of preparing. * Achievement tests: It assists with estimating the capability that an individual has had the option to accomplish. Insight tests : It endeavors to quantify the intelligenceâ€that is, fundamental capacity to comprehend your general surroundings, absorb its working, and apply this information to upgrade a mind-blowing nature. Character Inventories Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Validity: poor for choice purposes Might be alright, if painstakingly utilized, to enable a group to work better together Many clinicians who study character today lean t oward an alternate proportion of character than the MBTI: * Big 5 Dimensions of Personality The Big 5 Personality Dimensions: â€Å"OCEAN† * Openness: inquisitive, innovative, assortment of encounters * Conscientiousness: reasonable, composed, keen * Extraversion: friendly, cordial * Agreeableness: helpful, thoughtful, kind * Neuroticism: simple to outrage, uneasiness, misery Sometimes turn around scored to get inverse of neuroticism: Adjustment: steady, quiet, stress-lenient Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) The test is intended to analyze emotional wellness issues. MMPI-2 has very nearly 600 inquiries (valid/bogus/can’t state) Dimensions (scales) include: Hypochondriasis, Depression, Hysteria, Psychopathic Deviate, Masculinity-Femininity, Paranoia, Psychasthenia, Schizophrenia, Hypomania, amp; Social Introversion It may be disputable to use for determination purposes. Legitimacy for determination reasons for existing is difficult to sum up Cognitive Ability Tests may likewise be led to pass judgment on the psychological capacity, spryness of the up-and-comer as required by the Job Description. Clinical Examinations, Work Sample Tests, Trainability tests may likewise be utilized to evaluate a candidate according to the prerequisites of the Job. Reference Checks: We ought to in every case cautiously check the references of the finalists for the activity before making a bid for employment. We could incorporate the applicant’s previous chiefs as references. In any case, a few directors are hesitant to give negative data about a previous representative in a reference check They may just need to give restricted data, for example, the dates of work and occupation title of the previous worker. Deals Force Selection through Internal Sources Recruitment might be directed inside through the advancement and move of existing work force or through referrals, by current staff individuals, of loved ones. Occupation presenting alludes on the act of publicizing an open activity to workers (frequently by actually posting it on notice sheets) and posting its properties, for example, rules of information, capability, ability and experience. The motivation behind presenting opening is on bring to the consideration of every intrigued individual (inside or out of the association) the employments that are to be filled. Referrals are normally informal ads that are a minimal effort for every recruit method of enrolling. Points of interest of inner deals power determination * The capacity of the enroll is known so it is anything but difficult to survey potential for the following level. * â€Å"Insiders† know the association, its qualities and shortcomings, its way of life and,most of every one of, its kin * Internal enlistment is less expensive and snappier than publicizing in different media and meeting â€Å"outsiders† * Time spent in preparing and socialization is additionally diminished. Hindrances Difficult to track down the â€Å"right† up-and-comer inside and the association may make due with a representative who has a not exactly perfect blend of abilities * Infighting, inbreeding, and a lack of differed points of view and interests may decrease authoritative adaptability and development, and protection from change by the individuals who have an enthusiasm for keeping up business as usual may introduce long haul issues. * in the midst of fast development and during advances, the association may advance from inside into administrative positions, paying little heed to the capabilities of officeholders. Choice from External Sources Internal enrollment doesn't generally deliver the number or nature of staff required. In such an example, the association needs to enlist from outer sources. This can be through empowering stroll in candidates; publicizing opportunities in papers, magazines and diaries, and the visual or potentially sound media; utilizing business organizations to â€Å"head hunt†; promoting on-line by means of the Internet; or through occupation fairs and the utilization of school enlistment. These strategies have customarily included paper/magazine/diary publicizing, the utilization of business offices and official inquiry firms, and school enrollment. All the more frequently work/profession fairs and e-Recruiting are arriving at the particular employment searcher advertise. Online Applications/Recruiting on the Internet Using the Internet is quicker and less expensive than numerous customary strategies for enrolling. Employments can be posted on Internet locales for an unobtrusive sum (not exactly in the print media), stay there for times of thirty or sixty days or more at no extra expense and are accessible twenty-four hours per day. Up-and-comers can see point by point data about the activity and the association and afterward react electronically. e-Recruiting Companies here and there utilize specific Job Sites that

Pumpkin Picking Essay Samples Will Help You Out

Pumpkin Picking Essay Samples Will Help You OutPumpkin picking is a fun and rewarding way to spend your fall and winter holidays. You will be able to pick the freshest pumpkin ever. You can find pumpkins in any part of the country and in any season. There are even pumpkin picking resources available that will help you with tips on how to pick the perfect pumpkin.It is important that you know about these essay samples. Without knowing how to write an essay, you will be having a difficult time when writing the essay. Writing an essay for pumpkin picking is not as hard as you may think it is.The biggest thing you need to know when it comes to writing an essay is proper grammar. This will help you when you are writing your essay. Some pumpkin picking essay samples will focus on grammar, while others will concentrate on the story behind the essay.Pumpkin picking should be a fun experience, but if you cannot spell correctly, it could get very boring. Grammar can also be a problem if you do not have a good vocabulary. Many of the essays will require you to use more than one word. It can be very frustrating if you do not know how to write an essay.Pumpkin picking essay samples will help you with this part of the essay. After all, if you do not know how to write an essay, you cannot expect to be able to spell correctly. Writing a great essay requires that you learn to communicate your ideas.It will help if you can use more than one word throughout the essay. When you are looking for pumpkin picking essay samples, you should consider learning this valuable skill. You want to be able to say more than one word so that you can build the story within the essay.Pumpkin picking essay samples will also offer tips for writing the essay. Some of these tips will be things like taking notes and thinking of ways to add more than one idea into the essay. Using different words will help you create a good essay.You should have some fun when you are writing your essay. After all, this i s one of the best times of the year for getting out and enjoying time with family and friends. Some of the pumpkin picking essay samples will also include some tools that you can use to make your essay easier to write.

How to Relax for the SAT

I could do better on the SAT if I didnt lose focus so easily I could remember more if I werent so stressed. Do these sentiments sound familiar?   It seems our electronically driven culture recognizes two basic human energy states - manic and stressed while on task, and then completely blitzed and unfocused afterward.   Popular junk food serves to intensify this energetic dichotomy even further.   Of course, neither of these states is optimal for mastery on the SAT. The best state both for learning remembering and for performing under pressure is relaxed yet energized and focused.   While this state was common in other times and places, its hard for modern Americans even to imagine it.  Ã‚   Suppose I told you there was a way to get into that state, totally organic, with only beneficial health effects.   No, its not the newest thing its closer to the oldest thing!   For over three thousand years, throughout the world, people have practiced meditation, and over time, this practice allows people to build focus and mental clarity while reducing stress.   Trying meditation a couple times probably will not make a big difference, but if you could commit to this practice at this point in your life, the benefits over time would be considerable. Suppose your SAT is coming up soon.   Even if you start meditating every day, it probably wont be long enough between now and your SAT to have much effect.   Well, some of the beneficial effects of meditating simply come from deep breathing.   When you breathe long, slow, deep breaths, this sends a message of relaxing and releasing stress to the body.   (By contrast, if your goal it to make yourself as stressed as possible, it will help to make your breathing rapid and shallow.)   You can practice this kind of silent deep breathing anywhere in the car, waiting on a line, sitting in class, etc.  Ã‚   If the breath is particularly deep (i.e. both belly chest expanding with air), then the increased oxygen in your blood will help to keep you awake and alert.   Experiment with this, and notice how it shifts both your energy and your state of mind. If you are even more ambitious about releasing stress, and building focus, I have some particularly challenging recommendations. (1) Eat well.   In particular, avoid high-sugar foods and anything with high-fructose corn syrup.   Make a habit of drinking lots of plain ordinary water. (2) Get as much regular sleep as possible.   In an eight-hour stint of sleep, the greatest REM period is in the last hour, and thats when the brain encodes memory.   If you skimp on sleep, you can use energy drinks to feel awake, but you cant replace the opportunity to increase what your brain remembers and knows. (3) Avoid external excitement.   You may recall a diminutive Zen Master who said: Adventure, heh!   Excitement, heh! A Jedi craves not these things!   You see, excitement and stress run on more or less the same brain circuitry, so the more you excitement you give yourself, the more stress you invite.  Ã‚   Explore what it would mean to pursue appreciation rather than excitement. (4) Minimize any entertainment that involves watching an electronic screen.   Believe it or not, the visual cues of such a screen stress your body.   When you do relax, pursue non-plugged-in forms of recreation: exercise and stretching, creativity and the arts, or time in Nature. Yes, those recommendations would be hard to put into practice.   They are out of the ordinary.   Here, I would remind you of the Great Law of Mediocrity: if you do what everyone else does, you will probably wind up with the results that everyone else gets.  Ã‚   If you want standout, extraordinary results, say, on the SAT, then you have to pursue extraordinary preparation such as these. The most fascinating thing about all of this meditation, deep breathing, and the other recommendations these will help you not only on the SAT, but in most other academic endeavors in your future.   And, youll be happier!

My Family - Original Writing Essay - 1131 Words

I will never forget the day I walked downstairs at two in the morning. I stood in the doorway of my parent’s bedroom watching my parents crying their eyes out while yelling at my sister. How could this happen to you? Why did you want to do this? Why did I get a call from the cops at two in the morning saying that you were thinking about killing yourself, my mom yells, fiercely shaking in fear. I hate my life, my sister screams back at them practically swimming in her own tears. By this point, both of my brothers have awoken and are now standing alongside me witnessing this heartbreaking scene. But why Casey, my dad softly says, trying to hold it together. My sister begins to yell again, Because people are constantly texting me making fun of me, telling me I m a whore and saying that I should just kill myself because no one actually likes me. As soon as she finishes her sentence my Mom drops to the floor crying. I along with my other brother immediately start crying as well. Th e only thought that came to my head is why would someone as perfect as she, hate her life so much to want to end it. To better understand cyber bullying, it s crucial to look at the causes and effects it has on teenagers. Teens cyber bully other teens because they want to feel in power. Bullies start out by feeling nothing, but when they begin to threaten or hurt someone else they feel like somebody. They want to make others fear them in hope that they will have control over them. These typesShow MoreRelatedMy Family - Original Writing914 Words   |  4 Pageswas raised in Jellico, Tennessee, a quaint town bordering Kentucky with my parents, and three older sisters. My family was extremely religious up until I was nearly a teenager. My family attended church every week, in addition to leading the church youth group. One would be under the impression that the Hughes family was an exceedingly wholesome family that did little wrong, I was under this impression also. Being a white family in an old-fashioned town in both the south and the bible belt, this wasRead MoreMy Family - Original Writing963 Words   |  4 PagesWhere was I expected to go now that my father no longer wanted me living in his house? I remember asking myself this question over and over. I had just been dropped off, back in my home town, at my grandparent’s house after a long and excruciatingly quiet car ride. I had sat in the backseat of my father’s SUV, not a single word spoken between us. The entire time all I had to think about was where I would go once we arrive at our destination. I can’t stay with my grandparent’s for the next two yearsRead MoreMy Family - Original Writing Essay1521 Words   |  7 PagesWhen I was younger, my mom would rent out our basement room to single people she would work with in the military. I personally loved it because it meant that there were more people around I could harass into playing with me. However, I was always confused when I would hear my grandparents berate my mother for letting â€Å"those people† into our home. I remained confused, until I asked my mother what they meant, and why they were so angry. She described to me how  "old fashioned† my grandparents were andRead MoreMy Family - Original Writing966 Words   |  4 PagesI lived there for twelve years, it was all I ever knew. My parents got divorced right after I was born and I lived with my mom and my two sisters. My mom was tall and skinny with tan skin, dark brown eyes and long brown hair. I felt like I never really knew her growing up though because she worked often. I was always left with my two sisters and occasionally with one of my mom’s many boyfriends. I was the youngest of my sisters. Eventually my mom found a decent man. His name was Steve and he was tallRead MoreMy Family - Original Writing1477 Words   |  6 Pagesneighbours were also my mum’s mum and her sister, a whole heap of my extended family were there. This included my cousins Grace and Mark, their parents, a few distant family members, and some I hadn’t even met before. Even though the house was overcrowded, I had a lot of fun. Soon it was getting late, and the adults were starting to get tipsy. Me, my sister, and my other cousins headed back to my house where we played with fake blood and makeup in our confined, second floor bathroom. My sister Ruby,Read MoreMy Family - Original Writing1016 Words   |  5 Pagesgrew up raised on religion, that’s all my family ever talked about; â€Å"What would the Lord want?† I loved having rules to live by and knowing that someone was watching over me. I brought religion to my own family. My wife and son, they knew how important religion was to me. It’s ironic how religion, the thing I loved so much, led me to this†¦ jail. I started hearing the voice a few months before I became trapped in this cell. The voice would ask me about my faith and told me that I had an importantRead MoreMy Family - Original Writing994 Words   |  4 PagesCalifornia with my parents, two brothers and one sister. My family was very close to each other, my neighbors were my three cousins. We were always outside playing soccer and told each other scary stories to see who was the scary cat of us all. Ever morning we walked to school with our ziplock bags with cereal and milk. Being just a little kid it never came to mind being apart from my cousins. Los Angeles is a very crowded ,fast living place to live in, and extremely expensive in cost of living. My motherRead MoreMy Family Vacation - Original Writing1935 Words   |  8 PagesAs families go, mine was what I thought of as normal – whatever normal may mean. We always took our summer family vacations in Durness in the Northwestern Highlands of Scotland. My Seanmh air, Skye Sutherland on my father’s side lived in a converted crofter cottage on the edge of the cliffs above the sea. The cottage is made of the same stone as the low walls near the cottage. I always loved going back each year to my father’s childhood home. The Highlands of Scotland were more than just theRead MoreMy First Family Reunion - Original Writing853 Words   |  4 Pagesperfect family photo, they imagine a family with fancy clothing, a bright sunny day, green grass and faces that have been enhanced. When my family takes photos they are not quite that picture perfect family that’s advertise but a family that goes deeper than perfection. I come from a fairly large family with five sisters, one brother and that includes my parents four grandchildren and one son-in-law. My sisters are in the middle row off to the left side, my brothers hand is wrapped around my motherRead More what i do when i write Essay727 Words   |  3 Pageswhen i write nbsp; nbsp; What I do when I write depends entirely on what Im writing, who Im writing for, and how soon it needs to be done. I have somewhat of a different approach to writing when the piece is for an assignment versus a work of original fiction. I prepare, pre-write, and proofread differently. However, some things remain the same. I still try to get the same amount of feedback from my peers, still put forth the same effort. Whether the work is for pleasure or for a grade

Biography of Alfred Nobel, Inventor of Dynamite

Alfred Bernhard Nobel (October 21, 1833–December 10, 1896) was a Swedish inventor, chemist, and businessman known for inventing dynamite and establishing the Nobel Prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, Peace, and Literature. Fast Facts: Alfred Nobel Occupation: ChemistKnown For: Inventor of dynamite; established the Nobel PrizesBorn: October 21, 1833 in Stockholm, SwedenParents: Immanuel and Karolina NobelEducation: Private teachers in St. Petersburg and lab work in Paris (no formal degree)Died: December 10, 1896 in San Remo, Italy Early Life Alfred Nobel was born October 21, 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden, one of 8 children born to Immanuel and Andriette Nobel. The same year Nobel was born, his father, a building constructor, went bankrupt due to financial misfortune and a fire that destroyed much of his work. In 1837, Immanuel left Stockholm for Russia, establishing himself in St. Petersburg as a successful mechanical engineer providing equipment for the Russian Army. Immanuel’s work included explosive mines, which would detonate when a ship hit them. These mines worked by using a small explosion to set off big ones, an insight which would be important to inventing dynamite. Immanuel’s family joined him in St. Petersburg in 1842. There, Nobel was educated by private teachers, learning the natural sciences, languages, and literature. One of Nobel’s chemistry teachers was Professor Nikolai Zinin, who first told Nobel about nitroglycerine, the explosive chemical in dynamite. Though Nobel was interested in poetry, his father wanted him to become an engineer and sent him abroad to study chemical engineering. Nobel never obtained a degree or attended a university. However, he worked in the lab of Professor Jules Pà ©louze in Paris. Mass Production of Nitroglycerine In 1847, the Italian chemist Ascanio Sobrero discovered nitroglycerine. Though the explosive power of this chemical was much greater than gunpowder’s, it was incredibly difficult to handle and could explode unpredictably. Because of this, people avoided dynamite. In 1852, Nobel came back to work in his father’s business, which was successful because it worked with the Russian Army. In 1856, however, the Crimean War ended and the army cancelled its orders, leading Nobel and his father to look for new products to sell. Nobel and his father had heard of nitroglycerine from Professor Zinin, who had shown them nitroglycerine some time at the beginning of the Crimean War. They began working on nitroglycerine together.  One idea, for example, was to use nitroglycerine to improve explosives for Immanuels mines. However, Immanuel was not able to achieve any notable improvement. Nobel, on the other hand, made significant strides with the chemical. In 1859, Immanuel was facing bankruptcy again, and returned to Sweden with his wife and another of his sons. Meanwhile, Nobel stayed in St. Petersburg with his brothers Ludvig and Robert. However, his brothers soon focused on rebuilding the family business, eventually turning it into an oil empire called The Brothers Nobel. In 1863, Nobel returned to Stockholm and continued working with nitroglycerine. One year later, he filed a patent for the blasting cap, a detonator that could be ignited by lighting a fuse. This invention revolutionized the field of explosives, and was integral to the development of modern explosives. Nobel’s new blasting technique garnered significant attention from mining companies and the state railways, which began to use it in their construction work. However, a series of explosions involving the chemical—including one which killed Nobel’s brother Emil—convinced authorities that nitroglycerine was extremely dangerous. The use of nitroglycerine was banned in Stockholm, and Nobel continued to manufacture the chemical on a barge on a lake near the city. Despite the high risk involved in using nitroglycerine, the chemical had become essential to mining and railway construction. In 1864, Nobel began the mass production of nitroglycerine in Stockholm, founding companies throughout Europe. However, several accidents with nitroglycerine led authorities to introduce regulations restricting the manufacture and transport of explosives. Invention of Dynamite Nobel continued looking for ways to make nitroglycerine safer. During his experiments, he found that combining nitroglycerine with kieselguhr (also called diatomaceous earth; mostly made of silica) formed a paste which allowed the chemical to be shaped and detonated on command. He patented this invention in 1867, calling it â€Å"dynamite† after the Greek word for power (dynamis). The demand for Nobel’s dynamite surged. Since the user could control the explosions, it had many applications in construction work, including tunnel blasting and road building. Nobel continued building companies and laboratories all over the world, amassing a fortune. He developed other explosives as well, such as blasting gelatin—which had even more explosive power—and ballistite, a smokeless gunpowder. Though dynamite was Nobel’s main business, he also worked on other products, such as synthetic leather and artificial silk. Later Life and Death At the age of 43, Nobel advertised himself in a newspaper: â€Å"Wealthy, highly educated elderly gentleman seeks lady of mature age, versed in languages, as secretary and supervisor of household.† The Austrian countess Bertha Kinsky answered the call, but two weeks later she returned to Austria to marry Count Arthur von Suttner. Nobel and Bertha continued to correspond with one another even as she became increasingly critical of the arms race and he continued to work on explosives. He may have justified his decision to Bertha with the rationale that he could create something so destructive and terrible that it would stop all wars forever. Alfred Nobel died of a stroke on December 10, 1896 in San Remo, Italy. The Nobel Prize After Nobel died in 1896, his will stated that his fortune should be used for prizes in five categories: physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, and peace. (The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, also known as the Nobel Prize in Economics, was established much later, in 1968.) His will was executed by two engineers, who formed the Nobel Foundation to coordinate Nobel’s finances and award the prizes. Nobel’s choices for scientific prizes may have been influenced by his background in science and invention. The founding of the peace prize may have been influenced by the peace activist Countess Bertha von Suttner, or his guilt for creating a material that was so destructive. After Nobel’s death, Bertha was awarded the 1905 Nobel Peace Prize for her work. Sources Jorpes, J. Erik. â€Å"Alfred Nobel.† British Medical Journal, 1959, pp. 1–6.Livni, Ephrat. â€Å"The Nobel Prize Was Created to Make People Forget Its Inventors Past.† Quartz, 2 Oct. 2017, qz.com/1092033/nobel-prize-2017-the-inventor-of-the-awards-alfred-nobel-didnt-want-to-be-remembered-for-his-work/.Ringertz, Nils. â€Å"Alfred Nobel - His Life and Work.† Nature Reviews - Molecular Cell Biology, vol. 2, 2001, pp. 1–4.

Who Shot Johnny, by Debra Dickerson Essay - 543 Words

In â€Å"Who Shot Johnny† by Debra Dickerson, Dickerson recounts the shooting of her 17 year old nephew, Johnny. She traces the outline of her life, while establishing a creditable perception upon herself. In first person point of view, Dickerson describes the events that took place after the shooting, and how those events connected to her way of living. In the essay, she uses the shooting of her nephew to omit the relationship between the African American society, and the stereotypic African American society. In a clever way to establish creditability, Dickerson opens the passage with a compendium of background information. She uses an ethological approach to describe the intellectual background that she carries on her chest. Dickerson†¦show more content†¦However, as a well-informed and intellectually stable citizen, Dickerson is able disconnect her race from unfortunate events. By concentrating on an ethological approach, Dickerson also makes her family disconnect from stereotypes. In first person point of view, she is able to describe her situation through her knowledge and background. For example, Dickerson describes Johnny with a settled and calm tone of voice. She writes, â€Å"Johnny speaks little, never cries, never complains, works diligently to become independent† (225). Because he is black, most people would associate Johnny with violence and gangs. In Black Men and Public Space by Brent Staples, a black men strolling down the avenue was assumed to be a criminal. The color of his skin, in correlation to his environment, evoked a sense of danger. However, through an educated voice, Johnny is not that dangerous black kid who got shot. Johnny is a sensitive victim of an unfortunate shooting. It is very easy to label an individual according to racial status. For this reason, Dickerson is required to inform the reader of elements that do not support these stereotypes. The disconnection from stereotypes satisfies her objection, and broadens the perspective of society. As a result, Dickerson makes a final disconnection by classifying the stereotypic black male into a separate group from the African American society.Show MoreRelatedWho Shot Johnny?: A Portrait of Youth Violence Essay841 Words   |  4 PagesWho Shot Johnny? As humans we strive to live in a utopian environment, free of elements of aggression, greed, and violence. Most of us try to live a healthy and satisfying life, gaining from opportunities that we have sought and worked hard for. We take life as it comes, and we accept the challenges and difficulties that life puts out as we continue on no matter how hard it gets. However, there are a multitude of people who tend to think that life is just too hard and that they should be handedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Who Shot Johnny 1070 Words   |  5 PagesWriting project 1 – TEXTUAL RESPONSE WITH THREE SECONDARY SOURCES In the essay, â€Å"Who Shot Johnny, the author Debra Dickenson tells the story of how her nephew Johnny was shot and paralyzed just for waving at a car he thought he recognized. She goes on to describe what she believes is the stereotypical inner city thug who does nothing but hurt others, and how many people perceive all African Americas to be this way. â€Å"We despise and disown this anomalous loser but, for many, he is black America.†Read MoreMartin Luther King Jr.1101 Words   |  5 Pagesthought would be that after this long the issue should have been eradicated. Two essays that can be used as an example of proof that racial inequality still exists in our society are, Black Men in Public Spaces by Brent Staples and Who Shot Johnny? by Debra Dickerson. In these essays, both provide solid evidence to support their main goal with the use of different writing styles, tone, and rhetorical devices to display how African Americans are perceived and treated by society. Within essay one

Persuasive Essay On Planned Parenthood - 1216 Words

Planned Parenthood was founded on the revolutionary idea that women should have the information and care they need to live strong, healthy lives and fulfill their dreams — no ceilings, no limits (Planned Parenthood). With over 600 health centers, the people of Planned Parenthood have dedicated themselves to keep women informed, healthy, and educated in sexual education, and sexual health (Planned Parenthood). While all seemingly good intentions, Planned Parenthood has been A topic of controversy for many years, practically since it opened in the year 1916. While democrats stand behind Planned Parenthood, republicans are firmly against it. From a republican point of view it is wrong to have the government funding something that supports,†¦show more content†¦To the democrats, cutting funding is about much more than just abortions. Planned Parenthood is the primary source of health care to many people, many families. In the year 2014 20.2 million women in the US were in need of publicly funded family planning services like Planned Parenthood(Debra Goldschmidt, Ashley Strickland). According to a 2016 survey, 26% of patients at a Planned Parenthood site said it was the only place they could go for the services they required. It also participates in many research projects to further their knowledge. If Planned Parenthood centers are defunded, there is no way of knowing that other health care providers will be able to serve their patients . While republicans focus on the abortion aspect of Planned Parenthood, statistics show tha t Abortions make up only 3 % of what Planned Parenthood is about (Michelle Ye Hee Lee). In the Planned Parenthood annual report of 2013 it showed that 42% of their services were for STI/STD testing and treatment. Another 34 % was for contraception. 9% went to cancer screenings and interventions, 11% went to other womens health services, and 1% went to other services in general.Planned Parenthood’s affiliated clinics provided 10.6 million services for 2.7 million during this period (Michelle Ye Hee Lee) . So statistically abortion makes up for the second smallest service that Planned Parenthood accounted for. To focus on the Republican view, most peopleShow MoreRelatedAbortion, The Deliberate Termination Of A Pregnancy3270 Words   |  14 Pages Prolife Paper Abortion is the deliberate termination of a pregnancy. Abortion is never the answer for an unwanted pregnancy and there is so much more to know about what abortion actually is. In this essay I will explain abortion from a logical, moral point of view and I will share information on other things dealing with abortion. People have abortions for many different reasons. Each of these reasons has an option other than abortion. Abortion is never the only option. No matterRead More A Rational Look at the Abortion Controversy Essay3888 Words   |  16 Pagesinto a battle of rhetoric rather than a dialectic of reason. But the guiding light in such a discussion must always be reason, not rhetoric or other fallacies, for only reason can solve this issue and judge which side is correct. In this brief essay, I shall attempt to clear away some of the confusion present in typical abortion debates by cooling the rhetoric with reason enlightened by scientific facts. Specifically, I will examine two common pro-abortion arguments made by Mary Anne Warren andRead MoreFinal Exam4697 Words   |  19 Pageslikely to text while driving and it is dangerous. Bluetooth and hands-free technology is gaining popularity in the American auto industry. Instructor Explanation: Review Ashford Writing Center, Writing Resources, Types of College Writing: Persuasive Points Received: 1 of 1 Comments: Question 15. Question : Ideas and information that constitute common knowledge don’t need to be cited. Student Answer: CORRECT True INCORRECT False Instructor Explanation: Review AshfordRead More65 Successful Harvard Business School Application Essays 2nd Edition 147256 Words   |  190 PagesGRIFFIN NEW YORK 65 SUCCESSFUL HARVARD BUSINESS SCHOOL APPLICATION ESSAYS, SECOND EDITION. Copyright  © 2009 byThe Harbus News Corporation. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. For-information, address St. Martins Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010. www.stmartins.com Library of Congress Cataloging...in..Publication Data 65 successful Harvard Business -School application essays : with analysis by the staff of The Harbus, the Harvard Business School newspaperRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesprobable good consequences of each action and the probable bad consequences while weighing the positive and negative impact of each consequence. It’s a kind of cost-benefit analysis. Exercises 1. Columbus Day is an American holiday. Write a short essay that weighs the pros and cons and then comes to a decision about whether there should be more or less public celebration (by Americans and their institutions) on Columbus Day, October 12. Here is some relevant background information to reduce your

The Truth Behind Organ Sales. The Expression Organ Trade

The Truth Behind Organ Sales The expression organ trade or sale covers an extensive variety of various practices. Individuals most promptly connect it with the case in which one person (who may want or needs cash) pitches his or her kidney to another (who needs a kidney). However, there are different potential outcomes as well. One (in nations where the earlier consent of the deceased is required for cadaveric organ gift) is to pay individuals living now for rights over their body after death. Another (in nations where the consent of relatives is required for cadaveric organ gift) is to pay relatives for transplant rights over their as of late deceased friends and family s bodies. ‘In the United States, the practice of selling†¦show more content†¦At a 2008 meeting with an undercover agent, Rosenbaum guaranteed he had a partner who worked for an insurance agency in Brooklyn who could take the beneficiary s blood tests, store them on dry ice and send them to Israel, where they would be tried to c heck whether they coordinated the planned donor. â€Å"While the importance of the moral issues raised by organ sales should not be downplayed there is a need for a more nuanced account of the mechanisms of organ trading, linking the emergence of the organ trade to wider political, cultural and socioeconomic factors† (Columb, 2015, P. 23). â€Å"A very distinctive style of argument against organ sale appeals to the supposed value of altruism† (Wilkinson, 2016). These arguments emerge in various distinctive structures, yet a substantial portion of them have the accompanying fundamental structure: acts of altruism something to be thankful for, either inherently, or considering its beneficial outcomes (or both), and by allowing and additionally permitting organ sales would reduce the measure of charitableness on the planet. A financial incentive only furthermore takes away from the choice of voluntariness and the altruism of the organ and organ tissue. â€Å"The initially, and most direct, complaint to organ sale is that it is too unsafe or hazardous for paid organ donors. Present day organ trafficking positively involves unreasonable and inadmissible levels of harm. In anyShow MoreRelatedChild Marriages: A human rights issue2995 Words   |  12 Pagesof the Qur’an as is today. Nujood’s father was always late with the rent, and regularly threatened to be evicted. The family ate rice and vegetable stews; chicken only once a week. Upon the moment of deciding the finances Nujood’s father decided to trade a commodity he found within his daughter. In a conversation between Nujood’s mother and father, he justifies the match saying, â€Å"Besides, you know we haven’t enough money to feed the whole family. So this will mean one less mouth†(Ali, 55). The Qur’anRead MoreFormation of the ASCI and Leading Cases of False Advertising5748 Words   |  23 Pagesby the advertisements. The world is obviously not an ideal one and thus ad makers resort to deception in order to increase sales of the products or services. They mislead and manipulate the consumers through various means. This is not morally correct and thus we discuss such cheap tactics below: a. Violation of Right to Information : the consumers have a right to know the truth about the product or services they are to avail. Most companies tend to deceive the consumers by giving them inaccurate orRead MoreVision 20305053 Words   |  21 Pagesand Athi River basins to bring between 600,000 to 1,000,000 hectares under irrigation. For the Tana Delta Integrated Sugar Project, a feasibility study has been undertaken, an Expression of Interest is complete, and a license from NEMA has been obtained. 2. Wholesale and retail trade Wholesale and retail trade is one of the key sectors in the Kenyan economy. This is because the sector is the link between production and consumption, both of which are expanding substantially as the economyRead MorePeculiarities of Euphemisms in English and Difficulties in Their Translation19488 Words   |  78 Pagesvague connotations for expression rough, unpleasant. Euphemisms are words or phrases which can not be understood literally. Euphemism is sometimes figuratively called â€Å"a whitewashing device. Euphemism is used to replace an unpleasant word or expression by a conveniently more acceptable one. For example the word to die has the following euphemisms: to expire, to pass away, to depart, to join the majority, to kick the bucket, etc†¦ . Euphemisms are words or expressions that speakers substituteRead MorePeriod of Enlightenment8482 Words   |  34 Pagesreawakened when the 3 priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were guillotined without sufficient evidence of guilt. This occurred on the 17th of February. This was buttressed with the spirit of liberalism when the Philippines opened it’s doors to world trade and with the coming of a liberal leader in the person of Governor Carlos Maria de la Torre. The Spaniards were unable to suppress the tide of rebellion among the Filipinos. The once religious spirit transformed itself into one of nationalism and theRead MoreWomen as Commodity8915 Words   |  36 Pages One Indian said: It is better to spend 500 rupees (for amniocentesis) now than to spend 500,000 rupees later for a daughters marriage dowry. Japenese women feminists have decried thir countrymen who leave their wives walking ten feet behind him, thereby also treating them like commodities. Here in the Philippines, we have a history of various types of commodizing women too. Some landlords require their tenants to make their daughters or wives work in their mansions to render domesticRead MoreWomen as Commodity8899 Words   |  36 Pages One Indian said: It is better to spend 500 rupees (for amniocentesis) now than to spend 500,000 rupees later for a daughters marriage dowry. Japenese women feminists have decried thir countrymen who leave their wives walking ten feet behind him, thereby also treating them like commodities. Here in the Philippines, we have a history of various types of commodizing women too. Some landlords require their tenants to make their daughters or wives work in their mansions to renderRead MoreAnalysis of the Music Industry30024 Words   |  121 Pagesof the report starts with more detailed definitions and coverage. For coverage of recorded music, Key Note is grateful to the statistics and commentary provided by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), detailed later in this chapter under Key Trade Associations. For other sectors, an important component of the report is the field research into the attitudes and buying habits of UK consumers with regard to music, conducted for Key Note by NEMS Market Research specifically for this report. ReportRead MoreLanguage of Advertising20371 Words   |  82 Pagespromote the sale of a particular product or service. Some advertisements, however, are intended to promote an idea or influence behavior, such as encouraging people not to use illegal drugs or smoke cigarettes. Advertising has become increasingly international. More than ever before, corporations are looking beyond their own country`s borders for new customers. Faster modes of shipping, the growth of multinational corporations, rising personal income levels worldwide, and falling trade barriersRead MoreLas 432 - Genetically Modified Foods Essay14589 Words   |  59 Pagesdecisions that we make about genetic engineering in food crops and if it will have permanent consequences on our food production capacity. Are genetically modified foods putting us at a crossroads in terms of the agricultural legacy that we will leave behind for our children and grandchildren? Modern technology has given us the ability to go beyond selective breeding. Organisms can now be modified by moving genes from one species to another and by introducing synthetic genetic material into their genomes

Athens

Athens-Greece Essay Athens GreeceDuring the fifth century of Ancient Greece the city-states of Athens and Sparta represented two very different forms of living. Spartans directed their time towards their military capabilities while the Athenians were interested in comfort and culture. Spartas and Athens political and environmental differences along with their different views on women caused the two city-states to be very dissimilar. Two major forms of government existed during Ancient Greece: oligarchy and democracy. The government in Sparta was controlled by an oligarchy in which the power was held by a group of five men called ephors. Working below the ephors was the Council of Elders and an Assembly. Male citizens over age sixty could serve on the Council while anyone, male or female, over the age of twenty could be a member of the Assembly. 1 Though the citizens had little say in the decisions made by the government, the system worked effectively. It was the oligarchy in Sparta that put a war-like attitude as its first priority in the city-state. Every man in the army fought with a great deal of passion for his country. The beliefs of Sparta were oriented around the state. The individual lived and died for the state. The government in Athens followed a very different course than that of Sparta. Upper class male citizens over the age of thirty were the only Athenians who held any right to vote. The democracy in Athens consisted of an executive, legislative, and judicial branch. All branches of the government were capable of vetoing one another. It was also customary to expel from the country any speaker who became too powerful. However, as stated in the Athenian Constitution, male citizens were equal and the governments focus was on the individual rather than the state as a whole.2Another difference between the two great city-states was their environment and how it affected the trade in the two cities. The Athenian economy depended on foreign trade and travel.3 Because of Athens location on the Aegean Sea, sailing increased trade. While trade was a necessity in Athens, it wasnt in Sparta. Since Sparta was cut off from the rest of Greece by two mountain ranges there was little trade being done. The Spartans rarely traveled from their city-state or allowed foreigners into it. This kept out foreign ideas and allowed an element of surprise when it came to attacks.4 Quite possibly one of the greatest differences between the Athenian and the Spartans regarded their attitude towards women. Womens roles in society and their relationship with the community played a major role in the development and effectiveness of each states government and culture. Unlike the rest of Greek women, Spartan women had the freedom of equality except for voting rights. They did little housework or sewing. Since men were in the military, the women had full authority over their households and were not forced into a life of only childbearing and housekeeping like the Athenian woman.5 Since the woman of Sparta exemplified a greater authoritative influence, the nation thrived and became a world leader. When Athenian girls came of age, their fathers offered them for marriage. Even as wives, they were required to stay indoors at all times. Their primary life tasks were child rearing, housework, and sewing giving them no possibility to contribute to the Athenians development and culture. Sparta was uneasy concentrating on war and the State as a whole while Athens was laid back focusing its attention on comfort and the people of the State. With their differences in government, physical surroundings and views on women Sparta and Athens represented the two very different ways a polis could have been back in the fifth century of Ancient Greece.

Celebrity Endorsement free essay sample

Celebrity Endorser Influence on Attitude towards Advertisements and Brands Abstract The research paper was written by Bahram Ranjbarian Associate Professor of Management, Zahra Shekarchizade, Zahra Momeni, Master Students of Business Management from The University of Isfahan, Iran. The research was conducted in Iranin 2009 and was published in European Journal of Science in 2010.This study aims to analyze the celebrity endorser influence on attitude toward advertisements and brand. A celebrity is a person who enjoys public recognition and with his or her popularity influences the purchasing behavior of the consumers. Marketers identify Celebrity Endorsement as a most prevalent form of advertising and hence invest a huge amount of money in this strategy. Advertiser assumes that by adopting Celebrity Endorsement will help in creating a positive felling towards the brand, a high recall value, Brand identification, Brand positioning and finally resulting in consumer purchasing the product.In this paper the information was obtained from students from The University of Isfahan. We will write a custom essay sample on Celebrity Endorsement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A questionnaire survey was conducted with 193 (137 women and 56 men) randomly selected students of the age group between 19 and 30. A cluster sampling procedure with age and degree with main control variable was applied. The questionnaire was measured by using Likert Scale. A pilot study of 30 questions was conducted in order to measure the reliability of question.The findings said that influence of using a celebrity endorser in Iranian advertisement showed positive and significant relationship between attitude towards celebrity endorser and attitude towards brand and advertisement. The study concludes that attitude towards Celebrity Endorsement has direct or indirect influence towards Celebrity Endorsement. The Iranian consumers do not have significant influence of celebrity on purchase. The study finds that Iranians consumer tendency for buying is influenced by other various items such as age, gender, income and education. Celebrity Endorsement: A Congruity Measure of Personalities Abstract: The research was conducted by Reshma Farhat And Dr. Bilal Mustafa Khan from the Department of Business Administration, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh, India. The findings were published in the Research on Humanity and Social Science journal, Vol. 13 in 2011. The purpose of the study is to find the congruence between the personality of a brand being endorsed and that of the targeted personality of a celebrity.In today’s dynamic and highly competitive business environment marketers turn to celebrity endorsement to influence consumer brand choice. Congruency is a factor that assess the fit between the brand and the other entity. This study foresee into the effects of congruity in the process of advertisement and how the presence of celebrity endorsers affects this congruity. The study focuses to the measure the congruence between Shahrukh Khan’s personality and Sunfeast brands personality.The researcher has collected the information with the help of a questionnaire which consisted of 42 items of Aaker,s brand personality scale. The survey was conducted through personal interview and through e-mail among 150 respondents within the age group 18-30. Majority of the respondents were students. The questionnaire developed was a structured one with a single question asking respondents to rank 42 adjectives (based on Aaker’s scale). The question had five-point Likert’s scale response with Strongly Disagree and Strongly Agree as the scale. Data analysis was done by calculating the central tendency measure, Mean. Separate means were found for every brand Sunfeast and Shahrukh Khan. The study used Graphic techniques such as SPSS ; Excel to plot and compares the mean. The congruence between a celebrity and a brand is an important concept. Celebrity endorsements would be more effective if they are consistently used over time to create the link between the brand and the celebrity. The study finds that the targeted endorser Shahrukh Khan is having a successful association with the chosen brand Sunfeast.The research paper shows that there is a lower degree of congruence between the brand Sunfeast and Shahrukh Khan on some personality dimensions such as Competence, Ruggedness and Sophistication while they are quite close in certain other brand personality dimensions like Sincerity and Excitement The study with its limitation of limited sample size, the findings of this study are quite significant as it highlights the relevanc e of using celebrity endorser and congruity effect as a foundation block for building successful brands.

Essay Topics That You Can Use in Order to Find Essay Topics That Are Unique

Essay Topics That You Can Use in Order to Find Essay Topics That Are UniqueIn the world of essay writing, internet essay topics are much sought after. When you are writing an essay and you can't seem to find the right topic for your needs, internet essay topics can help you find what you need. By utilizing the internet to find essay topics that are specifically designed for the composition, writing, and review of essays, you will be able to save yourself time and effort. This also helps you narrow down the selection of essay topics and makes it easier to write the best essay possible.There are some essay topics that the general public seems to look for in order to find essay topics that are unique and important. Although you may not know how to accomplish this, there are a few things that you can do to help you in your search. These tips will allow you to know where to begin your search when you are trying to find internet essay topics.When you are looking for essay topics, you will find that there are a variety of things that you should keep in mind. While you want to write about a topic that is relevant to the assignment that you are working on, you also want to have a topic that is truly unique and has not been used before. For example, if you are trying to write about a book that you have read, you should not just use the same topic that someone else wrote about. Instead, you should choose a topic that is unique to your own writing.If you are not sure how to choose internet essay topics that are unique, you can make use of article databases to help you find ideas. These databases will contain a variety of different topics that are written about by experts in the field. By reading through these topics, you will be able to see if you want to consider the same topic or if you want to create something completely new. This will help you determine if the topic that you are going to choose is really appropriate for your assignment.If you are looking for essay topi cs that are uniquely related to the topic that you are working on, you should consider using forums. This is because there are a variety of different topics that are written about on a regular basis, all in one location. By joining forums, you will be able to find topics that are specific to your needs and you will be able to determine if what you are working on is a topic that is unique enough to work with.If you are looking for essay topics that are reflective of the different areas that you cover in your course, you will want to do some research on the subject. To find out about the different topics that are available, you will want to visit various websites that talk about the topic. Reading through these sites will allow you to find out what is available in terms of topics and you will be able to get a better idea of how the topics are written about.One way that you can find specific topics that are related to your assignment is to use a combination of the two methods mentioned above. If you want to find a topic that has not been used before, you will want to use the internet in order to locate an article database or forum where that topic is written about regularly. If you are looking for an essay topic that is already established, you will want to take advantage of the information that is available in a community that is specifically made for this type of topic.There are several tips that you can use when you are trying to find essay topics that are specific to your needs. By narrowing down the choice of essay topics, you will be able to save yourself time and effort when it comes to writing the perfect essay. Internet essay topics will help you find topics that have been used before, but will also give you the option to write your own unique and important essay topics.

Doctrine Of Creation Essays - Creation Myths,

Doctrine Of Creation Doctrine of creation What do we mean by creation? How helpful are making, emanation and/or artistic work as analogies? Is it a doctrine about the worlds beginnings or origin, or about its present or future existence, or what? Creation is often referred to as a 'mystery' and this is due to its perhaps ambiguous nature. Christian theology defines creation in many different ways, which differ greatly as viewpoints on the same theme. John Macquarrie tries to make the mystery clearer by using two analogies to try to describe what creation actually is. The first of these is that of 'making'. This is best understood alongside the literal understanding of creation, which can be found in the Bible, especially in the Old Testament (Genesis). The analogy is that of a craftsman producing an article that is to be used. It stresses the superiority of God; there is both differences and distance between the craftsman and his product - as there is transcendence between God and God's creatures. It treats creation as an act of free will on the part of God, not as a process that is simply part of the Natural Law, which is more a view expressed by the second analogy. One problem with the 'making' analogy is that it doesn't embrace the traditional 'creatio ex nihilo' (creation out of nothing) view; if God has made the cosmos in the way in which a carpenter or a blacksmith would, out of what has he actually created it? The second analogy is that of 'emanation'. To understand this analogy it would be best to imagine God, the creator, as the sun, with the created, Gods creatures, as the rays emanating from it. This view stresses more affinity between the source (God) and what has sprung from it, thus making this the opposite of the 'making' analogy, with a much stronger emphasis on immanence rather than transcendence. As already mentioned, this theory of creation treats it more as a natural process that a spontaneous act, which is considered by some to be moving too far along the scale; a happy mean between nature and free will is the ideal view. Emanation is not a very biblical, traditionalist view of creation, and as such is often seen as opposed to the view of making. However, Macquarrie would not wish this, and says 'It should not be regarded as a rival idea to the biblical one...It should indeed be regarded as secondary to the biblical idea, but as such it provides certain correctives and gives expression to insights which are not clearly presented in the image of making.' A suggested 'middle position between these two opposing images is sometimes put forward, that of the 'work of art' analogy. At first glance this seems to be a good balance between transcendence and immanence; in creating a work, an artist does put something of himself into it, while at the same time remaining external to the actual thing itself. But does this do justice to the extent of the immanence of God in the creation of the cosmos? The artist analogy now looks to be too external; again there is the wrong balance. A way of creating the right balance would be to hold 'side by side in their tension with one another the models of making and emanation. All of these images do have something valuable in the search for the correct view of God and creation, however they all need to be given equal weight in the mind as they all have bad points and all have good. How you see the balance of transcendence and immanence in the creation mystery is a matter largely for the individual, however most Christian disciplines view God as both transcendent and immanent at the same time in the creation of the cosmos. Karl Barth claims that as we can not know empirically about creation, the whole doctrine of creation is in fact a doctrine of faith; the factual account of a world coming into being could be regarded as a creed of sorts, an expression of belief in God. Christian doctrine of creation is split into three sections; creatio originalis (the single act of creation in the beginning), creatio continua ( continuous involvement of creation)

5 Reasons You Shouldnt Care About Your Job Title

5 Reasons You Shouldnt Care About Your Job Title We need to work to pay the bills and afford to keep ourselves and our loved ones afloat. That’s the bare minimum and the bottom line. But too often people get tangled up in the status of their job title, and it can make them miserable. Here are 5 reasons why you should stop worrying about the name of your job and start enjoying the fact that you have it (and don’t hate it!). 1. You’re appreciatedWhen you do something well, you ideally are recognized for your achievement and your coworkers and/or boss take the time out to give you a pat on the back. Maybe your employer makes a point of rewarding your success in your annual review, or perhaps you see their gratitude reflected in a bonus or a salary increase?If you’re getting this kind of attention- and praise when you have earned it- that’s more than many people can say in unsatisfying jobs they hate.2. You’re not chained to the deskHaving a job with flexibility is like getting a glimpse of the holy grail. If you’ve found a job where you can set your own hours, or work remotely even part of the time, or just swap out when you need to take care of things at home, then you have something worth more than any title: work-life balance. Hold on to it.3. You’ve got controlMaybe your boss encourages you to grow your career- and, more importantly, gives you the freedom to decide for yourself which opportunities would do that best. If you feel like you’re continually learning something every week you work, then you’re in a pretty good position.4. You’re an assetYou know you’re good at what you do, but in this case your boss knows it too. She has made- and continues to make- an investment in you. You’re trusted to face new challenges, given unimpeded access to new training and other learning opportunities†¦ In short, you’re valued.5. You enjoy yourselfDo you actually like coming to work every day? More or less enjoy what y ou do? Have a good working relationship with your coworkers and boss? Maybe you don’t love what you do or do what you love, but that is a rare thing indeed. If you like what you do, you’re halfway there. And that is worth more than any title.

HOW WAS THE TRIPARTITE FINANCIAL SYSTEM CREATED IN THE UNITED KINGDOM Essay

HOW WAS THE TRIPARTITE FINANCIAL SYSTEM CREATED IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND IT'S ROLE IF ANY IN THE CREDIT CRUNCH (BUSINESS AND LAW SUBJECTS) - Essay Example In fact it is found that the credit crisis is actually the result of poor regulatory process of these countries’ financial systems. This research is all about the Tripartite Financial System which was developed in UK in 1997. Prior to the period of recent financial crisis, it was apparently seemed that the system is quite effective in maintaining the stability in the UK financial system. However once the credit crisis started the actual effectiveness of the tripartite system came out. This research is started with a proper plan. A specific research statement is developed. Aims and objectives of the research are then properly identified. Precise research strategy and philosophy have been followed throughout the research. Data are collected in the pre-defined ways. A well structured literature review includes the detailed description of the topic. Finally the research ends with a proper conclusion. This research mainly focuses on the Tripartite Financial System and its role in the recent credit crunch in UK. The specific research statement is â€Å"how tripartite financial system was created in UK and its part in credit crunch†. The major aim and objective of this research is to identify all those processes and incidents that led to the formation of tripartite financial system. Furthermore the research also aims to find out the significance of this system in the recent credit crisis situation in United Kingdom. Each and every research is based on certain philosophy. In fact researches can be categorized into different types according to their philosophy. There are mainly two philosophical paradigm – phenomenological and positivist. In the first type of research, world is considered as an external object. Furthermore he/she should be independent. Most importantly in this type of research focus should be on facts. Furthermore the researcher should also focus on

Portfolio in Islamic Commercial Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Portfolio in Islamic Commercial Law - Essay Example Meanwhile the second essay discusses how Islamic economic and finance can be the best alternative solution of ‘Responsible Capitalism’ from Islamic perspective. Relation between Islamic commercial law and political will of the state This section describes the relation between Islamic commercial law and political will of the state. It presents the development Islamic commercial law is inter-related with political will of the state. The notion is discussed by presenting a case study in the development of Islamic commercial law from early development until recent. In this case Southeast Asia will be used as a case study. The Sharia is made up of the ‘legal’ statements of the Koran and the Customs of the clairvoyant. Fiqh is an academic study, and juristic understanding of those sources. It is often presented as an ‘Islamic jurisprudence’. The word Sharia also entails these understanding. 1 The ideas are normally presented as different, although the limits connecting them are not completely presented. Muslim educators accurately criticise the expression ‘Islamic law’ for its malfunction to differentiate between phenomena within the society.2 The Sharia should be clearly distinguished from the territory law of Muslim- preponderance jurisdictions. Some justification processes do have stipulation in their statute, that the Sharia is the most important foundation of law. 3 Some have produced statutes founded on the Sharia, though; this is diverse from the Sharia essence the law. In the first situation, it is not more than the foundation, and in the subsequent, one of its indispensable attributes, its eventual influence, has been distorted, from Allah to the status. One exemption is Saudi Arabia, where Sharia is the law, other than this there are enhancement by frequent ‘regulations’ produced by the authority.1Sharia is an Arabic expression used to label Islamic by law. It initially referred to the trail p acked down by camels to a wet stream foundation, and the commonly used Arabic expression al-Sharia al-islamiyah could be turned into Islamic language. In the situation of Islamic rule, the technique is one that directs the virtuous advocate to ecstasy in life after death. The Sharia is not considered a sacred law by good quality of the area under discussion matters concerned, for these assortment far further than the ball of spiritual concerns firmly communication and lengthen to the humdrum affairs of on a daily basis.4 To a certain extent, its spiritual temperament is as a result of the Muslim principle that it emanates from exquisitely stimulated sources and represent God’s map for the appropriate grouping of all human being actions. Even though, Muslims have the same opinion that they are in touch by the Sharia law. The understandings of its necessities have been differentiated in the past depending on sectarian and school divided sections and, in contemporary times, also depending on the different notions of how the Sharia law is applicable to changed state of affairs of modern societies.5 The explanations of the necessities of Sharia law are controlled in the fiqh. In a universal intelligence, fiqh implies â€Å"acquaintance† or â€Å"knowledge,† except it is also second-hand in a more exact intelligence of Islamic law making process. Sharia

Software Reuse Essay Example for Free

Software Reuse Essay Abstract Effective reuse of software products is reportedly increasing productivity, saving time, and reducing cost of software development. Historically, software reuse focused on repackaging and reapplying of code modules, data structures or entire applications in the new software projects (Prieto-Diaz 1994). Recently, however, it has been acknowledgedas beneficial to redeploy software components across the entire development life-cycle, starting with domain modelling and requirements specification, through software design, coding and testing, to maintenance and operation. There were also attempts to reuse aspects of project organisation and methodology, development processes, and communication structures. However, as the concept of reusing software components is very clear at the code level (whether in source or binary form), the very same concept becomes more fuzzy and difficult to grasp when discussed in the context of reusing specifications and designs (whether in textual or diagrammatical form), or quite incomprehensible when applied to software informal requirements, domain knowledge or human skills and expertise (expressed in natural language, knowledge representation formalism, or existing only in humans). This problem of dealing with reusable software artefacts resulting from the earliest stages of software development, in particular requirements specifications, attracted our particular interest in the reusability technology. Our work is motivated primarily by the possibility of improving the process of requirements elicitation by methodical reuse of software specifications and their components with the aid of information extracted from user informal requirements documents. The problems and issues that we aim to investigate in this research are best illustrated by the following statement outlining current needs and the goals for the future research in requirements reuse: †¢ More research is needed on the advantages and the necessary methods for requirements reuse. For example, what are requirements components’, what makes them reusable, how can we store and retrieve them, and how do we write a requirements specification that gives us the highest probability of creating or reusing existing requirements components? (Hsia, Davis et al. 1993). Definitions To address the issues advanced by Hsia, Davis and Kung, and to avoid any confusion farther in this paper, we need to clearly define some major concepts of software reuse, reusability, reusable artefacts, their possible forms, reusability methods, their major motivators and inhibitors, etc. Hence, we adopt our definitions from Prieto-Diaz (Prieto-Diaz 1989) as follows :-†¢ reuse is the use of previously acquired concepts or objects in a new situation, it involves encoding development information at different levels of abstraction, storing this representation for future reference, matching of new and old situations, duplication of already developed objects and actions, and their adaptation to suit new requirements; †¢ reuse is the use of previously acquired concepts or objects in a new situation, it involves encoding development information at different levels of abstraction, storing his representation for future reference, matching of new and old situations, duplication of already developed objects and actions, and their adaptation to suit new requirements; †¢ reusability is a measure of the ease with which one can use those previous concepts or objects in the new situations. Reuse Artefacts The object of reusability, reusable artefact , can be any information which a developer may need in the process of creating software (Freeman 1983), this includes any of the following software components :- †¢ code fragments, which come in a form of source code, PDL, or various charts; †¢ logical program structures , such as modules, interfaces, or data structures; †¢ functional structures , e.g. specifications of functions and their collections; †¢ domain knowledge , i.e. scientific laws, models of knowledge domains; †¢ knowledge of development process , in a form of life-cycle models; †¢ environment-level information, e.g. experiential data or users feedback; †¢ artefact transformation during development process (Basili 1990); etc. A controlled collection of reuse artefacts constitutes a reuse library. Such libraries must contain not only reusable components but are also expected to provide certain types of services to their users (Wegner 1989), e.g. storage, searching, inspecting and retrieval of artefacts from different application domains, and of varying granularity and abstraction, loading, linking and invoking of stored artefacts, specifying artefact relationships, etc. The major problems in the utilisation of such reuse libraries are in determining appropriate artefact classification schemes and in the selection of methods to effectively and efficiently search the library. To bypass the problems with reuse libraries, the use of specialised domain-specific languages was proposed as an alternative. Such languages use strict syntax and semantics defined in terms of an application domain and its reusable artefacts. While enforcing notational conformance with a predetermined syntax and semantics, the domain-specific languages restrict the number of possible classification and search mechanisms used in the process of composing a problem solution, e.g. as in DRACO (Neighbors 1989) or GIST (Feather 1989). Artefact Characteristics Certain classes of software artefacts have been identified as eminently suitable to become part of a reuse library and be, subsequently, utilised as reusable software resources. Such artefacts usually share a number of characteristics, deemed to actively promote reusability (Biggerstaff and Richter 1989; Matsumoto 1989; McClure 1989), those artefact are perceived to be :-†¢ expressive, i.e. they are of general utility and of adequate level of abstraction, so that they could be used in many different contexts, and be applicable to variety of problem areas; †¢ definite, i.e. they are constructed and documented with a clarity of purpose, their capabilities and limitations are easily identifiable, interfaces, required resources, external dependencies and operational environments are specified, and all other requirements are explicit and well defined; †¢ transferable , i.e. it is possible to easily transfer an artefact to a different environment or problem domain, this usually means that it is self-contained, with few dependencies on implementation-related concepts, it is abstract and well parametrised; †¢ additive, i.e. it should be possible to seamlessly compose existing artefacts into new products or other reusable components, without the need for massive software modifications or causing adverse side effects; †¢ formal , reusable artefacts should, at least at some level of abstraction, be described using a formal or semi-formal notation, such an approach provides means to formally verify an artefact correctness, it enables to predict violation of integrity constraints during artefact composition, or to assess the level of completeness for a product constructed of reusable parts; †¢ machine representable, those of the artefacts which can be described in terms of computationally determined attribute values, which can easily be decomposed into machine representable parts, which can be accessed, analysed, manipulated and possibly modified by computer-based processes, have a clear potential for becoming part of a flexible reuse library; those artefacts can be easily searched for, retrieved, interpreted, altered and finally integrated into larger system; †¢ self-contained , reusable artefacts which embody a single idea are easier to understand, they have less dependencies on external factors, whether environmental or implementational, they have interfaces which are simple to use, they are easier to extend, adapt and maintain; †¢ language independent, no implementation language details should be embedded in reusable artefacts, this also means that most useable artefacts are those which are described in terms of a specification or design formalism, or those low level solutions which could be used from variety of programming languages on a given implementation platform, either by appropriate macro processors or link editors; †¢ able to represent data and procedures , i.e. reusable artefacts should be able to encapsulate both their data structures and logic, down to a fine grain of detail, such an approach increases artefact cohesion and reduces the possibility of artefact coupling by common data passed via arguments or global variables; †¢ verifiable , as any other software components, reusable artefacts should be easy to test by their maintainers, and, what is even of a greater importance, by their users who embed reusable components into their own systems, and who must have the capability to monitor the components computational context and their interfaces; †¢ simple , minimum and explicit artefact interfaces will encourage developers to use artefacts, simple and easy to understand artefacts can also be easily modified by developers to suit new applications; and †¢ easily changeable, certain type of problems will require artefacts to be adopted to the new specifications, such changes should be localised to the artefact and require minimum of side effects. Reuse in Software Life-Cycle Computer software can be systematically reused across the entire development life-cycle, i.e. domain analysis, requirements specification, design and implementation, it has its place even in the post-delivery stages of development, e.g. its continuing quality assessment or software maintenance. Implementation. Early experience with software reuse was limited to reuse of program code in source and binary form. A great emphasis was put on development of programming languages which could support various methods of clustering, packaging, modularisation, parametrisation and sharing of data and code via data types and code blocks (ALGOL), named common blocks (FORTRAN), parametric functions and macros (FORTRAN and LISP), copy libraries (COBOL), information hiding (PASCAL), modules (SIMULA and MODULA), generic packages (ADA), objects and classes (SMALLTALK and C++), etc. The idea of code sharing was further supported by various operating system utilities which allowed independent program compilation, creation of relocatable libraries or link editing (Reed 1983). In those early days, no serious effort on a commercial scale was undertaken to reuse the early life-cycle artefacts, i.e. designs, specifications, requirements or enterprise models. This situation was caused by :- †¢ the lack of awareness of potential benefits that could be gained from reusing more abstract software artefacts; †¢ unavailability of commercial methodologies embracing software reuse at their centre-point; †¢ informal nature of early specification and design documents; and †¢ shortage of tools capable to represent specifications and designs in a computer-processable form. At the same time, †¢ the construction of libraries was known to improve software development productivity, and was practiced in nearly every commercial organisation; †¢ program code was written according to a formal grammar and it adhered to established semantic rules; and †¢ the construction of code libraries was supported by editors, compilers, loaders and linkers, which could be freely customised to accommodate various reuse tasks. Design. Today’s development approaches, such as object-oriented methods (Graham 1994) or rapid application development (Martin 1991), vigorously advocate reusing software artefacts at the earliest possible stage of the software life-cycle. Program design methods are now capable of utilising well-defined diagrammatic notations, which allow production of documents which are simpler and more legible than code, which clearly exhibit their conceptual contents, which are well structured and modular, and which allow dealing with problem complexity at various levels of abstraction and granularity. With the advent of CASE tools (McClure 1989) the contemporary design techniques are also supported by specialised software environments capable of capturing design ideas in a form leaning towards further processing by computer-based reuse tools. Today, it is also commonly perceived that reuse of software designs, as opposed to code reuse, is more economic, and cognitively a much more intuiti ve process. Requirements Specification. While application of reuse techniques to software design has visible advantages over code reuse, some researchers (Matsumoto 1989) claim further increases in the scope of software reusability when given opportunity to reuse modules at higher levels of abstraction, i.e. software specifications and requirements. Others support this claim, voicing the need to reuse large-scale artefacts going beyond design components and including entire design frameworks and domain resources (Li 1993). Bubenko et. al. (Bubenko, Rolland et al. 1994) further propose to combine design and reuse libraries to accommodate development processes capable of reusing conceptual schemas to support the process of requirements engineering. Such an approach provides users with the library of reusable components that could match their requirements, improves the quality of requirements specifications by making available well-defined conceptual components as early as requirements specification, and improves the productivity of the requirements engineering process by shortening the requirements formalisation effort (Castano and De Antonellis 1994). In the REBOOT system, Morel and Faget (Morel and Faget 1993) aim at extending this approach to the entire software life-cycle. Such advances in requirements and specification reuse were in part facilitated by :- †¢ Development of the new types of programming languages, such as PROLOG or EIFFEL, which combine elements of program specification and design (via logic and class specification) at the level of code, such an approach promotes interpretation and reuse of abstract program descriptions throughout the life-cycle; †¢ dissemination of prototyping tools and visual programming environments capable of graphic representation of user requirements and the subsequent generation of code or code skeletons (Vonk 1989; Ambler and Burnett 1990), facilitating effective composition of programs of domain-specific, visual, reuse components; †¢ introduction of formal requirements and specification languages, such as RML (Greenspan, Mylopoulos et al. 1994), Z (Spivey 1989), VDM (Woodman and Heal 1993) or LARCH (Guttag and Horning 1993), permitting representation, structuring, verification, and reuse of specification components; †¢ object-oriented technologies integrating various diagrammatic techniques into a single methodology, e.g. Information Engineering (Martin 1993), or unifying elements of conceptual modelling, program specification and design into one consistent notation, e.g. Object-Oriented Conceptual Modelling (Dillon and Tan 1993), such object-oriented development methods allow creation of abstract conceptual schemata which can be readily adapted by instantiation and inheritance to new problem solutions; †¢ development of full-text databases utilising efficient information retrieval methods (Salton 1989), being introduced as a repository for storing, classification and subsequent retrieval of design and specification texts (Frakes and Nejmeh 1988; Maarek, Berry et al. 1991; Fugini and Faustle 1993); and finally †¢ application of knowledge-based techniques and intelligent software development assistants in requirements acquisition and specification (Lowry and Duran 1989); Domain Analysis. The final frontier for software reuse in the development life-cycle is a thorough analysis of a given problem domain. This approach is grounded on the belief that in a real-life situation reusability is not a universal property of program code or processed information but it rather depends on a context of the problem and its solution, which themselves are relatively cohesive and stable (Arango and Prieto-Diaz 1991). The main aim of domain analysis is the construction of a domain model of which components could be reused in solving variety of problems. Such a model will customarily include definition of concepts used in the specification of problems and software systems, definition of typical design decisions, alternatives, trade-offs and justifications, and software implementation plans. Such a model may take variety of different forms, to include (cf. Figure 1) :- †¢ definitional model, which provides knowledge taxonomies and actonomies describing domain concepts, their structure, semantics, and relationships between them; †¢ knowledge representation model, giving domain semantics and explanation facilities; †¢ domain-specific languages , which when expressed as formal grammars and supported by parsers may provide direct translation of specifications into executable code; †¢ instructional models , indicating the methods of constructing working systems in a given domain, such methods may be described by standards, guidelines, templates, or interface definitions; †¢ functional models, describing how systems work, using representations such as data flow diagrams or program description languages; †¢ structural models, provide means to define architecture of domain systems; etc. In the process of constructing a domain model, the common knowledge from related systems is generalised, objects and operations common to all systems in a given domain are identified, and a model is defined to describe their inter-relationships. The main problem with this process is that knowledge sources for domain modelling (as found in technical literature, existing implementations, customer surveys, expert advice or current and future requirements) are frequently verbose and informal. Thus, special techniques and tools are needed to deal with it, e.g. knowledge acquisition tools, entity-relationship modelling tools, object-oriented methods, semantic clustering tools, CASE and parsing tools (Agresti and McGarry 1988). Reuse Process. In this work, we will view the process of software reuse as comprising three stages of artefact processing (cf. Figure 2), i.e. their analysis, organisation and synthesis. †¢ Artefact analysis starts with identification of artefacts in existing software products (Ning, Engberts et al. 1994) or in a currently analysed domain (Arango and Prieto-Diaz 1991), this is followed by their understanding and representation in a suitable formalism to reflect their function and semantics, with possible generalisation to widen the scope of their future applications. †¢ Artefact organisation includes classification and storage of artefacts in an appropriate software repository, the subsequent repository search and artefacts retrieval whenever they are needed in the reuse process. †¢ Artefact synthesis consists of artefact selection from a number of retrieved candidate artefacts, their adaptation to suit the new application, and their integration into a completely new software product. The tasks undertaken in the three stages of artefact processing are also frequently discussed from the perspective of development-for-reuse and development-by-reuse (Bubenko, Rolland et al. 1994). †¢ Development-for-reuse is emphasising the construction of the reuse library, involving the identification, understanding , generalisation , and the subsequent classification and storage of artefacts for later reuse. †¢ Development-by-reuse is concerned with the effective utilisation of the reuse library to support new software development, it involves searching, retrieval , selection , adaptation, and integration of artefacts into the software system under construction. As reuse is quite independent of any particular development process model, it, thus, could be embedded into a variety of methodologies, to include waterfall model (Hall and Boldyreff 1991), rapid prototyping (Martin 1991), object-oriented design (Meyer 1987),etc. While the inclusion of reuse into a development cycle is of a significant benefit to the entire process, at the same time it may complicate the development process (e.g. see Figure 3). Also, reuse tasks may significantly overlap with those performed in other development phases, e.g. software integration or maintenance. The separation of concerns lead some researchers (Hall and Boldyreff 1991) into pointing out that reuse must occur across different projects or problem areas, as opposed to those tasks which aim at the change, improvement or refinement of software undertaken within a single project which should not be regarded as reuse, e.g. †¢ software porting , which only aims at adopting existing software product to different hardware or operating system environments; †¢ software maintenance , which strives to correct software erroneous behaviour or to alter the existing program to suit changing requirements; and †¢ software reconfiguration, which provides a method of customising software to be used with different hardware components or making only a subset of its facilities available to the user. Assessing the Reuse Process and its Goals The value of software reuse cannot be gauged in simple, unambiguous, congruous and canonical fashion. One of the reasons for this difficulty lies in the fact that there is a variety of reusable artefact types and the methods and techniques for their creation, manipulation and maintenance. Another reason can be set in inadequacy of measuring tools to assess the reuse benefit or its hindrance, as it can be measured using variety of incompatible metrics, some of which are based on economic, some on technical, then again others on social or cognitive principles. Finally, it is the numerous software stakeholders who are not likely to agree on the common goals of the reuse process itself, as they will all have distinct and opposing development goals. The contention on thee success or failure of reuse approaches is best reflected in the myths, biases and preconceptions of software developers and management, this section will, thus, summarise such opinions as they are reported in the software engineering literature. Reuse benefits. Adopting reuse-based software development process attracts a number of well recognised economic and psychological benefits to both the end-users and developers (Tracz 1988b; Hemmann 1992). These include the following. †¢ Savings in costs and time. As a developer uses already pre-defined components, hence, the activities associated with components specification, design and implementation are now replaced with finding components, their adaptation to suit new requirements, and their integration. Experience shows (also from other fields, like electronic engineering) that the latter set of activities takes less times and therefore costs less. It should be noted, though, that development of components for reuse will certainly attract additional effort, time and cost. This costs, however, can be offset by savings in a number of different software projects. †¢ Increase in productivity. A set of reusable artefacts can frequently be viewed as a high-level language of concepts drawn from a given problem domain. Hence, a developer is given an opportunity to work with more abstract notions related directly to the problem at hand and to ignore low-level, implementation details. It has been shown that working at a higher level of abstraction leads to an increase in development productivity. †¢ Increase in reliability. Reuse library can be viewed as a software product itself, therefore, its development follows a normal cycle of requirements specification, design, implementation, testing, documentation and maintenance. By the very assumption, the user base and a life-span of reuse artefacts is much greater than that of any individual product, thus, the reliability of such artefact is also increased. This also leads to an improved reliability of systems built of reusable components rather than of those built entirely from scratch. †¢ Increase in ease of maintenance. Systems constructed of reusable parts are usually simpler, smaller, and more abstract. Their design is closer to the problem domain and their reliability is greater. This of course has an very positive impact on the quality of such systems maintenance. †¢ Improvement in documentation and testing. Reusable components are normally accompanied by high quality documentation and by previously developed tests plans and cases. Whenever a new system is created by simple selection and altering of such components, then, their documentation and tests will have to be much easier to develop as well. †¢ High speed and low cost replacement of aging systems. As the reuse-based systems share a very large collection of program logic via the reuse library, thus, they are significantly less complex and much smaller in size than those developed from scratch. Such systems will therefore need less effort during porting or adaptation to new hardware and software environments. It should also be noted that it would normally be the reusable components of the system that is technology intensive, and thus, very expensive to develop, e.g. graphical user interfaces, databases, communications, device control, etc. Sharing that cost across several systems would certainly reduce it when a global replacement of computing resources is called for. Reuse drawbacks. At the same time, in practice, radical gains in productivity and quality cannot be achieved due to some preconceptions held by developers and their management (Tracz 1988b; Hemmann 1992). The claims commonly put forward by programmers include :- †¢ reusing code, as compared with development of entirely new systems, is boring; †¢ locally developed code is better than that developed elsewhere (NIH factor); †¢ it is easier to rewrite complex programs from scratch rather than to maintain it; †¢ there are no tools to assist programmers in finding reusable artefacts; †¢ in majority of cases, developed programs are too specialised for reuse; †¢ adopted software development methodology does not support software reuse; †¢ reuse is often ad-hoc and is unplanned; †¢ there is no formal training in reusing code and designs effectively; †¢ useful reusable artefacts are not supported on the preferred development platform; †¢ the reuse process is too slow; †¢ interfaces of reusable artefacts are too awkward to use; †¢ code with reusable components is often too big or too inefficient; †¢ programs built of reusable components are not readily transportable; †¢ reusable components do not conform to adopted standards; †¢ reuse techniques do not scale up to large software projects; †¢ there are no incentives to reuse software. Meanwhile, management also raises objections based on the following arguments :- †¢ it takes too much effort and time to introduce reuse in workplace; †¢ perceived productivity gains will result in cuts to the project man-power; †¢ customers may expect reusable artefacts to be delivered with their product; †¢ it may be difficult to prevent plagiarism of reusable artefacts; †¢ reuse of code may lead to legal responsibility in case of software failure; †¢ the cost of maintaining reusable libraries is prohibitive; †¢ management is not trained in software development methods with reuse; †¢ there is no coordination between software project partners to introduce reuse. Such problems of perception often result from irrational, nevertheless, deeply rooted myths about reusability and the reuse process. A selection of such myths (cf. Table 1) were reported and subsequently demistified by Tracz (1988a). Reuse motivators. While the common prejudice, miconceptions and outright myths among developers and management prevent companies to effectively introduce reuse into their mainstream development, Frakes and Fox (1995) show in their survey that only few factors listed above have any real impact on the success or failure of software reuse, i.e. †¢ the type of application domain althought the reasons for this phenomenon are not known, it seems that certain types of industries show significantly higher levels of reuse (e.g. telecommunication companies) in certain areas of the life-cycle than others (e.g. aerospace industries); †¢ perceived economic feasibility in those organisations where management convinced its software developers that reuse is desirable and economically viable had a much higher success in the introduction of reuse into those organisations; †¢ high quality and functional relevance of reuse assets increases the likelihood of the assets to be reused; †¢ common software process although developers themselves do not regard a common software process as promoting reuse, there is a strong correlation between the gains in the process maturity and the gains in the level of software reuse; and finally, †¢ reuse education education about reuse, both in school and at work, improves reuse and is a necessary part of a reuse program, however, since the issues of software reuse are rarely discussed in the academic curriculum, it is necessary for management to bear the responsibility to provide reuse-specific training to its employees. The same study also showed that other factors, widely perceived as reuse motivators or inhibitors, have only a minimal effect on the reuse process, e.g. †¢ use of specific programming languages and paradigms it is often perceived that structured, modular, object-oriented, or high-level languages improve the prospects of successful software reuse, the collected statistics, however, show no such correlation; †¢ utilisation of software support environments and CASE although development tools are frequently marketted as greatly enhancing software reusability, some studies show that the current employed CASE tools are not particularly effective in promoting reuse of life-cycle objects across projects in an organisation; †¢ employment of staff experienced in software engineering it seems to be evident that experienced software development practitioners are potentially better reusers than those who have no formal training in software engineering, however contrary to this belief, it can be shown that experience and knowledge of software development principles is not a substitute for training in methods and techniques specific to reuse activities; †¢ provision of recognition rewards as an incentive to promote reuse practices in the organisation it is likely that only monetary rewards are a more effective motivator for implementing reuse practices; †¢ existence of perceived legal impediments to the utilisation of reusable software as majority of reuse efforts concentrates on the in-house development of reusable artefacts, thus, the legal issues are of less concern; †¢ existence of reuse repositories many organisations consider such repositories as central to their reuse efforts, practice, however, shows that those organisations which do not use sophisticated computer-aided tools assisting the classification and retrieval of software artefacts achieve similar levels of reuse as those who are active proponents and users of such automated repositories; †¢ the size of an organisation conducting a software development project the project or development team size is often used as an argument against the introduction of a formal reuse process, small companies believe the narrow scope of their application domain will limit the potential benefit of reuse, while the big companies fear the necessary investment of resources and money to properly implement systematic reuse, the apprehension in both of these cases in unwarranted and the likelyhood of a success or failure of reuse efforts is independent of the company or project size; †¢ considerations of software and process quality majority of surveyed developers had generally positive experience in reusing various software assets developed outside their home companies, overall, the quality concerns had little impact on the level of software reuse, the situation would probably be very different if the quality of reused assets were to deteriorate; †¢ reuse measurements in majority of companies measurement of reuse levels, software quality, and software productivity are not done, however, those organisation which measure software reusability are not getting any significant higher reuse levels than those which fail to monitor their successes or failures in reusing software artefacts, thus in practice, measuring software reuse has very little effect on the whole of the reuse process. Finally, Krueger (1989) provides four tenets of the successful software reuse, the tenets based on the technical and cognitive factors which he believes will ultimately translate into variety of development goals to achieve an effective policy on software reusability, i.e. †¢ reuse must reduce the cognitive effort of software development; †¢ constructing systems of reusable components must be easier than to building them from scratch; †¢ finding reusable artefacts must be more efficient than building them; †¢ understanding artefacts is fundamental to their effective selection. Summary This paper defined the concepts of software reuse, reusability, reuse artefact and reuse library. It listed those attributes of software artefacts which increase a chance of them being reused, e.g. they have to be expressive, definite, transferable, additive, formal, machine representable, self-contained, language independent, able to represent data and procedures, verifiable, simple, and easily changeable. Then the paper gave an overview of major reuse efforts in the life-cycle, starting with coding and design, and then going through specification and requirements capture, and finally covering domain analysis and modelling. Two forms of reuse-based development were discussed, i.e. development-for-reuse, aiming at the construction of reuse library, and consisting of artefact identification, generalisation, classification and storage; and the second, development-by-reuse, aiming at the construction of a new software product with the use of reuse library, and including the tasks of searching for reusable artefacts, their understanding, adaptation to new requirements, and their integration into a new system. The stages of artefacts processing include their analysis, organisation and synthesis. Finally the paper analyses the benefits and the perceived disadvantages of software reusability, focusing in particular on the myths and misconceptions held by developers and their managers. Four preconditions for reusability success were given as reduction in cognitive complexity, ease of implementation, ability to understanding of artefact structure and function, and finally, economy of reuse. 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